1. For examples of important work in the area, see Merry Wiesner-Hanks, "Kinder, Kirche, Landeskinder: Women Defend their Publishing in Early Modern Germany" in R.B. Barnes, R. A. Kolb, P. L. Presley (eds): Habent sua fata libelli, Kirksville, Missouri: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers 1998, pp.143–152. Silke Halbach, „Publizistisches Engagement von Fauen in der Frühzeit der Reformation," in Anne Conrad & Caroline Gritschke (eds): "In Christo ist weder man noch weyb": Frauen in der Zeit der Reformation und der katholischen Reform. Mit Beiträgen von Anne Conrad, Coline Gritschke, et al. Münster: Aschendorff, pp. 49–68. Kertin Merkel and Heide Wunder (eds), Deutsche Frauen der Frühen Neuzeit. Dichterinnen, Malerinnen, Mäzeninnen, Darmstadts: Primus Verlag. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2000. Paul Russell, Lay Theology in the Reformation: Popular Pamphleteers in Southwest Germany 1521–1525, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press 1986. Martin H. Jung, Nonnen, Prophetinnen, Kirchenmütter. Kirchen- und frömmigkeitsgeschichtliche Studien zu Frauen der Reformationszeit, Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt Gmb 2002. Barbara Becker-Cantarino, Der lange Weg zur Mündigkeit: Frau und Literatur 1500–1800. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler 1987; Barbara Becker-Cantarino, Die Frau von der Reformation zur Romantik: Die Situation der Frau vor dem Hintergrund der Literatur- und Sozialgeschichte. Bonn: Bouvier 1980.2. See e.g., Natalie Zemon, "Gender and Genre; Women as Historical Writers, 1400–1820" in: Patricia H. Labalme (ed), Beyond Their Sex: Learned Women of the European Past, New York: New York University Press 1980, pp. 153–182. Natalie Zemon Davis, "Women's History in Transition: The European Case" in: Feminist Studies 3 (1975/1976), pp. 83–103. Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. New Approaches to Modern European History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993/2000 (2nd ed.). Merry E. Wiesner, "Studies of Women, Family and Gender" in: William Maltby (ed) Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research II. St. Louis: Center for Reformation Research 1982, pp. 159–187. Joan Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis" in: American Historical Review 91 (1986), pp. 1053–1075. Heide Wunder, Gisela Engel (eds), Geschlechterperspektiven Forschungen zur Frühen Neuzeit, Königstein: Taunus 1998. Joan Kelly, Women, History, and Theology, Chicago: University of Chicago 1984.3. In addition to works listed in the endnote above, see, e.g., Miriam Chrisman, "Women and the Reformation in Strasbourg 1490–1530" in: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 63 (1972), pp. 143–168. Susan C. Karant-Nunn, "Continuity and Change: Some Effects of the Reformation on the Women of Zwickau" in: Sixteenth Century Journal 12 (1982), pp. 17–42. Susan C. Karant-Nunn, "The Transmission of Luther's Teachings on Women and Matrimony: The Case of Zwickau" in: Archives for Reformation History 77 (1986), pp. 31–46. Jane Dempsey Douglass, "Women and the Continental Reformation" in: Rosemary Radford Ruether (ed) Religion and Sexism: Images of Woman in the Jewish and Christian Traditions, New York: Simon and Schuster 1974, pp. 292–318. Roland Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House/ Academic Renewal Press 1971/2001. Roland Bainton, Women of the Reformation in England and France, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House/ Academic Renewal Press, 1974/2001. Roland Bainton, Women of the Reformation from Spain to Scandinavia, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1977/2001. Sherrin Marshall (ed), Women in Reformation and Counter-Reformation Europe: Public and Private Worlds. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press 1989. William Monter, „Protestant Wives, Catholic Saints, and the Devil's Handmaid: Women in the Age of Reformations" in Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, and Susan Stuard (eds): Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1987, pp. 203–221. Heide Wunder, "Es ist die Sonn, sie ist der Mond." Frauen in der Frühen Neuzeit, Münich: Beck 1992/1998 (in English, He is the Sun, She is the Moon: Women in the Early Modern Germany, transl. Thomas Dunlap, Cambridge: Harvard: University Press 1998). Angelika Nowicki-Patuschka, Frauen in der Reformation: Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Frauen in der Reichstädten Augsburg und Nürnberg zur reformatorischen Bewegung zwischen 1517 und 1537, Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft 1990.4. Elsie McKee's analysis of Katharina Schütz Zell's life and theology in context provide an example for the kind of work very much in need in the field. Similarly important works come from by Paul Matheson on Argula von Grumbach and Mary McKinley on Marie Dentière. Merry Wiesner-Hanks' pioneering work in providing translations of women's texts, interpretations of the role of gender in women's lives, and identifying both writing and "working women" in sixteenth-century are invaluable on many accounts. E.g. Lisa DiCaprio and Merry E. Wiesner, Lives and Voices, Sources in European Women's History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 2001; also Monica Chojnacka and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Ages of Woman, Ages of Man, Sources in European Social History, London: Pearson Education, 2002.5. This paper, in a much shorter form, was originally planned for the 2006 Sixteenth Century Studies Conference in Salt Lake City.6. Thysell, Carol, The Pleasure of Discernment. Marguerite de Navarre as Theologian, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000, 3.7. Gretha Jacobsen, "Nordic Women and the Reformation" in: Marshall, Women in Reformation, pp. 54, also 47–67.8. Lyndal Roper, Holy Household, Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989, 2–3.9. See Merry Wiesner-Hanks, (ed) Convents Confronting Reformation. Catholic and Protestant Nuns in Germany, transl. Joan Skocir and Merry Wiesner-Hanks, "Introduction," pp. 11–25, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press 1996/1998. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, Women and Gender, 215–218, 228–230. Jane Dempsey Douglas, "Women," 303–309. William Monter, "Protestant Wives," 206–207. Martin Jung, Nonnen, pp. 13–15. Charmarie Blaisdell, "Religion, Gender, and Class: Nuns and Authority in Early Modern France" in: Michael Wolfe (ed) Changing Identities in Early Modern France, Durham, NC: Duke University 1999, pp. 147–168.10. See Thysell "The Pleasure," pp. 3, 4. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, Women and Gender, pp. 244. Natalie Zemon Davis "City Women," pp. 72–73, 80–83. Christine Peters, Patterns of Piety. Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England, Cambridge University Press 2003. Merry Wiesner, "Women's Response to the Reformation" in: Ronnie Po-chia Hsia (ed) The German People and the Reformation, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1988, pp. 148–171.11. On women's piety, responses and obstacles, see Thysell "The Pleasure," pp. 3, 4. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, Women and Gender, pp. 244. Natalie Zemon Davis "City Women," pp. 72–73, 80–83. Christine Peters, Patterns of Piety. Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England, Cambridge University Press 2003. Merry Wiesner, "Women's Response to the Reformation" in: Ronnie Po-chia Hsia (ed) The German People and the Reformation, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1988, pp. 148–171.12. See Lowell Green, "The Education of Women in the Reformation" in: History of Education Quarterly 19 (Spring 1979), pp. 93–116. Phyllis Stock, Better than Rubies: A History of Women's Education, New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons 1978. Roland Bainton, "Learned Women in the Europe of the Sixteenth Century" in Labalme Beyond, pp. 117–125. Natalie Zemon Davis, "City Women," pp. 65–95, 72. Barbara Whitehead (ed), Women's Education in Early Modern Europe. Studies in the History of Education Volume 7, New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc. 1999.13. Margaret Sommerville, Sex and Subjection: Attitudes to Women in Early-Modern Society, London: Arnold 1995. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness; From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press 1986.14. Margot King and Albert Rabil Jr., "The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: Introduction to the Series" in Elsie McKee (ed): Katharina Schütz Zell. Church Mother. The Writings of a Protestant Reformer in Sixteenth-Century Germany, transl. by Elsie McKee, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press 2006, p. xxii (also pp. ix–xxix). E.g., Olimpia Morata was "attacked as a 'Calvinist Amazon'" after her death, whereas "other women scholars viewed her as a light shining in the darkness." So Holt N. Parker in idem (ed) Olympia Fulvia Morata, 1526–1555. The Complete Writings of an Italian Heretic, transl. by Holt N. Parker, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2003, pp. 1–2.15. Wiesner-Hanks, "Kinder," p. 149; idem Women and Gender, pp. 223; 1986.16. See Dorothea Vorländer „Olympia Fulvia Morata — eine evangelische Humanistin in Schweingurt" in: Zeitschrift für Bayerische Kirchengeschichte 39 (1970):95–113. Janet Smarr, Janet, "Olympia Morata: From Classicist to Reformer" in Deanne Shemek, Dennis Looney (eds): Phaethon's Children: The Este Court and its Culture in Early modern Ferrara, Teme, AZ: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 2004, pp. 321–343. Holt N. Parker, "Latin and Greek Poetry by Five Renaissance Italian Women Humanists" in Paul Allen Miller, Barbara K. Gold, Charles Platter (eds), Sex and Gender in Medieval and Renaissance Texts, Albany: State University of New York Press 1997, pp. 247–285.17. Parker, Olympia, pp. 101–103.18. Janet Levarie Smarr, Joining the Conversation: Dialogues by Renaissance Women, Ann Arbor: University of Michican Press 2005, pp. 80–81.19. Parker, Olympia, pp. 269–270. Her epitaph, by Jerome Angenoust, reads: "Nature denied you nothing of all her gifts with one exception: that you were a woman." (Parker, Olympia, p. 213.)20. For Olimpia's works, see Parker (ed) Olympia Fulvia Morata, 1526–1555. The Complete Writings of an Italian Heretic, ed. and transl. Holt N. Parker, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2003, pp. 269–270. See also Lanfranco Caretti (ed) Olimpia Morata, Opere, vol. I. Epistolae, vol. II. Orationes, Dialogi et Carmina, Ferrara: Deputazione Provinciale Ferrarese di Storia Patria 1954. Mostly Olimpia's texts from her youth and years in Ferrara have survived (from 1549–1541), whereas her later words disappeared as casualties of war in Germany where she relocated after marriage. The first edition of 1558 was dedicated to Isabella de Bresegna, the 1562 augmented edition to Queen Elisabeth of England, after which new nearly identical editions followed in 1570 and 1580. See, Olympiae Fulviae Moratae mulieris omnium eruditissimae Latina et Graeca, quae haberi potuerunt, monumenta, eaque plane divina, cum eruditorum de ipsa iudiciis et laudibus. Hippolytae Taurellae elegia elegantissima. Ad ill. Isabellam Bresegnam. Basileae apud Petrum Pernam, MDLVIII, ed. Caius Secundus Curio, Basel: Petrum Pernam 1558. See Olympiae Fulviae Moratae foeminae doctissimae ac plane divinae Orationes, Dialogi, Epistolae, Carmina tam Latina quam Graecae cum eruditoru de ea testimonijs & laudibus. Hippolytae Taurellae elegia elegantissima. Ad Sereniss. Angliae reginam D. Elisabetam, ed. Caius Secundus Curio. 2nd, Basileae/Basel: Petrum Pernam 1562. (Also in Microfilm History of Women, reel 62 no 396. New Haven Conn.: Research publications 1975.)21. "A brilliant scholar, she gave public lectures on Cicero, wrote commentaries on Homer, and composed poems, dialogues, and orations in both Latin and Greek. She was one of the most sophisticated and flexible Latin stylists of her age. She was also a Protestant in papal lands, a profound student of the Bible, who underwent a crisis of faith to emerge stronger. Thrown into disfavor at court, she married for love and love of learning. In search of religious freedom, she and her husband went over the Alps to Germany. There she communicated with leading Reformation theologians, continued her studies, wrestled with the mysteries of predestination and the Eucharist, and wrote Greek poems that won praise across Europe." (Parker, Olympia 2003, p. 1).22. Argula von Grumbach, Wie ein Christliche Fraw des adels / in // Beyern durch iren / in Gotlicher schrifft / wolgegrund // tenn Sendbrieffe/ die hohenschul zu Ingoldstat / // vmb das sie eynen Euangelischen Jungling / zu widersprechung des wort gottes. Betrangt// haben / straffet. Actum Ingelstat. M D Xxiij, Erfurt: Matthes Maler, 1523. [Köhler: Fiche 1002/2543.] See Theodor Kolde, "Arsacius Seehofer und Argula von Grumbach" in: Beiträge zur bayerischen Kirchengeschichte 11 (1905), pp. 49–77, 97–124, 149–188 (ibid. 1922 vol. 22:162–164).23. Argula von Grumbach, Wie ein Christliche Fraw des adels / in // Beyern durch iren / in Gotlicher schrifft / wolgegrund // tenn Sendbrieffe/ die hohenschul zu Ingoldstat / // vmb das sie eynen Euangelischen Jungling / zu widersprechung des wort gottes. Betrangt// haben / straffet. Actum Ingelstat. M D Xxiij. Erfurt: Matthes Maler 1523. [Köhler: Fiche 1002/2543.] Ain Christennliche schrifft // ainer Erbarn frawen / vom Adel // darinn sy alle Christenliche stendt / vnd obrigkayten ermant/ Bey // der warheit / vnd dem wort // Gottes zuo bleyben / vnd // solchs auß Christlicher // pflicht zum ernstlich // sten zuo handt // haben.// Argula Staufferin. M.D.xxii. Augsburg: Philipp Ulhart Sr. 1523. [Köhler: Fiche 16/66.] An ain Ersamen // Weysen Radt der stat // Ingolstat / ain sandt // brief / von Fraw // Argula von grun // back gebore // von Stauf // fen. Augsburg: Philipp Ulhart Sr., 1523. [Köhler 5/19.] Dem // Durchleuchtigen hochge // bornen Fürsten vnd herren /Herren Jo // hansen / Pfaltzgrauen bey Reyn // Hertzogen zuo Beyern / Grafen // zuo Spanheym x. Mey // nem Gnedigisten // Herren. Argula Staufferin. Augsburg: Philipp Ulhart Sr., 1523. [Köhler: Fiche 284:818.] Dem durchleuchtigisten Hoch // gebornen Fürsten vnd herren /Herrnn Fri // derichen. Hertzogen zuo Sachssen / Des // hayligen Römischen Reychs Ertz // marschalck unnd Churfürsten / // Landtgrauen in Düringen / unnd Marggrauen zuo // Meyssen / meynem // gnedigisten // herren.// Argula Staufferin. Augsburg: Philipp Ulhart Sr., 1523? [Köhler: Fiche 10/40.] An den Edlen // und gestrengen he // ren / Adam von Thering // der Pfalzgrauen stat // halter zuo Newburg // x. Ain sandtbrieff // von fraw Argula // von Grumbach // geborne von // Stauf // fen. Augsburg: Philipp Ulhart Sr., 1523. [Köhler: Fiche 967:2427.] Ein Sendbrieff der edeln // Frawen Argula Staufferin / an die // von Regensburg. // M.D. Xxiiij. Nuremberg: Hans Hergot, 1524 [Panzer 2342]. Eyn Antwort in // gedichtß weiß / ainem auß d // hohen Schul zu Ingol // stat / auff ainen spruch // newlich con jm auß // gangen / welcher // hynden dabey // getruckt // steet. // Anno. D.M. Xxiiij. // Rom. X. // So mann von hertzen glawbt / wirt // man rechtuertig / so man aber mit dem // mundt bekennet / wirt mann selig. // Argula von Grumbach / // geboren von Stauff. // Eyn Spruch von der // Staufferin / jres Dispu // tierens halben. // Nuremberg: Hieronumus Höltzel, 1524. [Köhler: Fiche 285:820.]24. Argula's writings consist of several letters (see above for editions): The first two, on September 20th, 1523, she wrote to the University of Ingolstadt (printed in 14 editions) and to the Duke Wilhelm (IV). Other letters followed: on October 28th, 1523 she wrote to the Mayor and the city council of Ingolstadt, on December 1st, 1523 to the Count Palatine Johann von Simmern and to Fredrick the Wise. Later that month she wrote to Count Adam von Thering. On June 29th, 1524, she wrote to the city of Regensburg, and later that summer her a response to a student's anonymous poem explicitly ridiculing her. See Paul Matheson (ed), Argula von Grumbach. A Woman's Voice in the Reformation, Edinburgh: T&T Clark 1995. Her first letter, to the University of Ingolstadt from 1523 went through 14 editions. See Paul Matheson, Argula, p. 57.25. Similar arguments on the role of her gender, see Wiesner, "Nuns, Wives," p. 22; Wiesner, "Women's Response," p. 169.26. See Matheson, Argula, pp. 76–77 ("The Account"). She maintained through her adult life a personal contact with the Reformers in Wittenberg, especially Melanchthon, Luther, and Spalatin. See Theodor Kolde, "Arsacius Seehofer und Argula von Grumbach" in: Beiträge zur bayerischen Kirchengeschichte 11 (1905), pp. 49–77, 97–124, 149–188 (ibid. 1922 vol. 22:162–164), pp. 169–170, 64, 115, 62.27. See Matheson, Argula, pp. 86–87 ("The Account").28. Matheson, Argula, p. 90 ("The Account"). She wrote primarily as a Christian, which mattered in her mind more than being a Lutheran or a woman: "I am called a follower of Luther, but I am not. I was baptized in the name of Christ; it is him I confess and not Luther. But I confess that Martin, too, as a faithful Christian, confesses him." (1523 letter to Adam von Thering, the Count Palatine's Administrator in Neuburg). Matheson, Argula, p. 145.29. Matheson, Argula, pp. 120–121 ("To the Honourable.") See Silke Halbach, Argula von Grumbach als Verfasserin reformatorischer Flugschriften. Europäische Hochschulschriften; Reihe XXIII, Theologie Bd. 468, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang 1992. Maria Heinsius, „Das Bekenntnis der Frau Argula von Grumbach" in: Christliche Wehrkraft (1936) 34. Kurt Erich Schöndorf, „Argula von Grumbach, eine Verfasserin von Flugschriften in der Reformationszeit" in Jorunn Valgard, Elsbeth Wessel (eds): Frauen und Brauenbilder Dokumentiert durch 2000 Jahre. Osloer Beiträge zur Germanistik, volume 8, Oslo: Universitet i Oslo Germanistisk institutt 1983, pp. 182–202. Barbara Becker-Cantarino, „Religiöse Streiterinnen: Katharina Zell und Argula von Grumbach" in idem: Der lange Weg zur Mündigkeit: Frau und Literatur (1500–1800). Stuttgart: Metzler 1987, pp. 96–110.30. On Luther and Argula, see Bainton, Women, 106–109; WABr 4:706; 2:509. Also Matheson, Argula 18, 21, footnotes 48, 58; WABr 3: 247/25–34 21; WABr 3:235; 4:605.31. Katharina's published works consist of: Entschuldigung Katharina Schützinn/für M. Matthes Zellen/jren Eegemahel/ der ein Pfarrher und dyener ist im wort Gottes zu Strassburg. Von wegen grosser lügen uff jn erdiecht (Strasbourg: W. Köpffel, 1524) (= „Katharina Schütz's Apologia for Master Matthew Zell, her Husband"); Den leydenden Christglaubigen weyberen der gmein zu Kentzigen minen mitschwestern in Christo Jesus zu handen (Strasbourg, 1524) (=that is, "Letter to the Suffering Women of the Community of Kentzingen"); Den Psalmen Miserere/mit dem Khünig David bedacht/ gebettet/ und paraphrasirt von Katharina Zellin M. Matthei Zellen seligen nachgelassne Ehefraw/ sampt dem Vatter unser mit seiner erklarung/ zugeschickt dem Christlichen mann Juncker Felix Armbruster/zum trost in seiner kranckheit/ und andern angefochtenen hertzen und Concientzen/ der sünd halben betrubt &c. In truck lassen kommen (=that is, "The Misere Psalm Meditated, Prayer, and Paraphrased with King David by Katharina Zell… Sent to the Christian Man Sir Feliz Armbruster"); Klag red und ermahnung Catharina Zellin zum volk bey dem grab m: Matheus Zellen pfarer zum münster zu Straßburg/ deß frommen mannß/ bey und über seinen todten leib. (January 11, 1548) (="Lament and Exhortation of Katharina Zell to the People at the Grave of Master Matthew Zell"); Ein Brieff an die gantze Burgershafft der Statt Strassburg/ von Katherina Zellin/ dessen jetz saligen Matthei Zellen/ deß alten und ersten Predigers des Evangelij diser Statt/nachgelassene Ehefraw/Betreffend Herr Ludwigen Rabus / jetz ein Prediger der Statt Ulm / sampt zweyen brieffen jr und sein/ die mag mengklich lessen und urtheilen on gunst und hasß/ sonder allein der war heit warnemen. Dabey auch ein sanffte antwort/ auff jeden Artickel/ seines briefs (Strasbourg, December 1557) (="A Letter to the Whole Citizenship of the City of Strasbourg from Katharina Zell ... concerning Mr Ludwig Rabus"); Von Christo Jesus unseerem saligmacher/ seiner Menschwerdung/ Geburt/ Beschneidung/ etc. etlich Christliche und trostliche Lobgsang/auß einem vast herrlichen Gsangbuch gezogen/Von welchem inn der Vorred weiter anzeygt würdt (Strasbourg: J. Froelich, 1534–36) (=that is, "Some Christian and Comforting Songs of Praise about Jesus Christ Our Savior.") All these works are available in critical German edition and in modern English translation: Elsie McKee (ed), Katharina Schütz Zell. The Writings. A Critical Edition. Volume 2, Leiden, Boston, Koln: E. J. Brill 1999. Elsie McKee, Katharina Schütz Zell. Church Mother. The Writings of a Protestant Reformer in Sixteenth-Century Germany, transl. by Elsie McKee, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press 2006.32. The hymnbook was the first edition of the Bohemian Brethren's hymns, and the first hymnbook published in German. She described her book as follows: "I found such an understanding of the work of God in this songbook that I want all people to understand it. Indeed, I ought much rather to call it a teaching, prayer, and praise book than a songbook. However, the little word 'song' is well and properly spoken, for the greatest praise of God is expressed in song." McKee, Katharina (2006), p. 93, see pp. 82–92, 82–96. See McKee, Reforming Popular Piety in Sixteenth-Century Strasbourg. Katharina Schütz Zell and Her Hymnbook. Princeton: Princeton Theological Seminary 1994.33. McKee, Katharina, pp. 224–225.34. She wrote letters, both personal and public, and especially letters for pastoral care purposes; many of her works had apologetical or polemical nature, or they were catechetical texts, devotional pieces, always biblically referenced, and sometimes homiletical. Autobiographical themes dominate, with reflection on biblical texts' meanings in the particular situation she was writing for. She even wrote sermons, and edited hymns to better reflect the new theology and people's experiences. See McKee, Katharina (1999 vol 2.)35. See Barbara Becker-Cantarino, „Religiöse Streiterinnen: Katharina Zell und Argula von Grumbach" in idem: Der lange Weg, pp. 96–110. Gabriele Jancke/Pirna, „Prophetin — Pfarrfrau — Publizistin. Die Strasbourger, ‚Kirchenmutter' Katharina Zell" in: Frauen mischen sich sein, Frauen mischen sich ein; Katharina Luther, Katharina Melanchthon, Katharina Zell, Hille Feicken und andere, Evanglisches Predigerseminar, Wittenberger Sonntagsvorlesungen, 2. Aufl.Wittenberg: Drei Kastanien Verlag 1995/1997, pp. 55–80. Christian Moeller, „Katharina Zell (1497/98–1562): Kirchenmutter von Strassburg" in Peter Zimmerling (ed): Evangelische Seelsorgerinnen: biografische Skizzen, Texte und Programme, Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2005, pp. 46–63. Martin Jung, "Katharina Zell geb. Schütz (1497/98–1562). Eine Laientheologin der Reformationszeit?" in: Jung, Nonnen, pp. 121–168. Thomas Kaufmann,"Pfarrfrau und Publizistin — Das reformatorische ‚Amt' der Katharina Zell" in: Zeitschrift für Historiche Forschung 23 (1996), pp. 169–218.36. Unlike most lay writers of the time, Katharina continued to publish after 1520s till the end of her life. She used her father's name Schütz, or Schützin, in her publications, as well as a feminine form of her husband's name, Zellin. See Jung, Nonnen, pp. 125–128,133–135, 184–185, 220, 231; McKee, Katharina, p. xiv. See Merry Wiesner-Hanks, Merry, „Katherina Zell's Ein Brieff an die ganze Bürgerschaft der Statt Strassburg as Autobiograpy and Theology" in: Colloquia Germanica: Internationale Zeitschrift für Germanistik 28 (3/4) (1995): pp. 245–254.37. Mary McKinley (ed), Epistle to Marguerite de Navarre; and, Preface to a Sermon by John Calvin, by Marie Dentière, ed. and transl. Mary B. McKinley, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, London 2004. Cynthia Skenazi, "Marie Dentière et la prédication des femmes" in: Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance et Réforme 21, no. 1 (1997), pp. 5–18. Madeleine Lazard, "Deux soeurs enemies, Marie Dentière et Jeanne de Jussie: Nonnes et réformeés à Genève « in B. Chevalier, C. Sauzat (eds): Les réformes: Enracinements socio-cultures. XXV colloque d'études humanists, Tours, 1–13 juillet 1982, Paris: La Maisnie (1985), pp. 233–249. Thomas Head, "Marie Dentière" in Katharina M. Wilson (ed): An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers, New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1991, pp. 303–304.38. La querre et délivrance de la ville de Genesve de fidèlement faicte et composée par un Marchand demourant en icelle (1536), with excerpts from L'Epistre tres utile, including Defense pour les Femmes, in A. Rilliet (ed): "Restitution de l'ecrit intitulé La Guerre et Deslivrance de la ville de Genesve," Mémoires et documents publiés par la Sociéte d'histoire et d'archéologie de Genève, 20, 1878–88 (1881), pp. 309–383. In English: The War for and Deliverance of the City of Geneva, Faithfully Prepared and Written Down by a Merchant Living in That City. See McKinley, Marie.39. Marie D'entière à Marguerite de Navarre. Publiée à Genève vers la fin d'avril 1539. Epistre tres utile faicte et composée par une femme Chrestienne de Tornay, Envoyée à la Royne de Navarre seur du Roy de France, Contre Les Turcz, Iuifz, Infideles, Faulx chrestiens, Anabaptists, et Lutheriens, [à Anvers, chez Martin l'empereur] Geneva: Jean Gérard 1539. In A.L. Herminjard (ed): Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française: Recueillie et publiée avec d'autres letters relatives à la Réforme et des notes historiques et biographiques, 9 vols., 1866–1897, reprint, Nieuwkoop: B. De Graaf 1965–1966 (Vol. 5), pp. 295–304. In English: A Most Beneficial Letter, Prepared and Written Down by a Christian Woman of Tournai, and Sent to the Queen of Navarre, Sister of the King of France, Against the Turks, the Jews, the Infidels, the False Christians, Anabaptists and the Lutherans (1539). See McKinley, Marie.40. Marie Dentière, Preface to a Sermon by John Calvin. In: Les Conditions et vertus requises en la femme fidèle et bonne mesnagere: Contenues au xxxi. Chapitre des Prouerbes de Salomon. Mis en forme de Cantique, par Théodore de Besze. Plus, un Sermon de la modestie des Femmes en leurs habillemens, par. M. Iean Calvin. Outre, plusieurs chansons spirituelles, en Musique, 1561. In English: The Behavior and Virtues Required of a Faithful Woman and Good Housekeeper: Contained in chapter XXI of the Proverbs of Solomon. Rendered in the form of a song by Théodore de Bèze. Plus a sermon on the modesty of Women in their Dress, by Monsiuer John Calvin. In addition, several spiritual songs with music, M.D. LXI. s.l. See, Jean Calvin, Sermon où il est montré quelle doit etre la modestie des femmes en leurs habillements [sur 1 Timothèe 2:9–11]. Genéve: Kundig. Prèface de M[arie] D[entière] 1945.42. McKinley, Marie, pp. 53, 56. Jane Dempsey Douglass, Women, Freedom and Calvin, The Westminster Press: Philadelphia 1985, pp. 104–105. "This conviction of Dentière that God is now giving women grace to write about theology and preach the gospel and that they are under obligation now to use that talent and gift of grace is an essential part of her vision of God's present activity in the world." Head, Marie, pp. 260, 263–264.43. McKinley, Marie, pp. 53–54; Douglass, Women (1985), pp. 103–104. Irena Backus, "Marie Dentière; Un cas de féminisme théologique à l'èpoque de la Rèforme?" in: Bulletin de la Société de l"histoire du Protestantisme Français: études historiques 137 (1991), pp. 177–195.44. Dempsey, Women, p.p. 103–104. Ingrid Åkerlund, "Jeanne de Jussie and Marie Dentière. Two Abbesses Persecuted for Their Religious Beliefs" in idem (ed): Sixteenth Century French Women Writers. Marguerite d'Angouleme, Anne de Graville, the Lyonnese School, Jeanne de Jussie, Marie Dentière, Camille de Morel, The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston Queenston, Lampeter 2003, p. 111, and passim pp. 105–126. Head, Marie, pp. 264–265.45. McKinley, Marie, pp. 76–77, also pp. 24–25.47. Matheson, Argula, pp. 101, also 108 ("A Christian Writing").48. McKee, Katharina, p. 128.49. Ursula von Münsterberg/Bainton Women (1971), pp. 51–52, also 45–53. Wiesner-Hanks, Conents, 39–63, 12, 13.50. Matheson, Argula, pp. 75, 77. (See ibid., pp. 16–17, footnote 44.) Also in the case of Marie Dentière, "The power of the 'pure Word of God' to liberate the oppressed is a central theme of the theology of history of Marie Dentière." Jane Dempsey Douglass, "Marie Dentière's Use of Scripture in Her Theology of History" in Mark Burrows, Paul Rorem (eds): Biblical Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective; Studies in Honor of Karlfried Froelich on His Sixtieth Birthday, Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans 1991, pp. 227, and 228, see 227–244.51. McKee, Katharina, p. 64, 82. Similarly, "The power of the 'pure Word of God' to liberate the oppressed is a central theme of the theology of history of Marie Dentière." Douglass, Marie, p. 227, also 228.52. Martin Treu (ed), Katharina von Bora, die Lutherin: Aufsätze analäßlich ihres 500. Geburtstages, Wittenberg: Elbe-Druckerei 1999. Martin Treu, Katharina von Bora, Wittenberg: Drei Kastanien Verlag, 1995. [Peter Freybe (ed)] Mönschure und Morgenstern. Katharina von Bora, die Lutherin — im Urteil der Zeit, als Nonne, eine Frau von Adel, als Ehefrau und Mutter, eine Wirtschafterin und Saumärkterin, als Witwe. 1999, Evanglisches Predigerseminar, Wittenberg: Drei Kastaninen Verlag 1999. In particular, ibid., Ute Gause„Katharina von Bora, die Lutherin — Ehefrau und Mutter," pp. 9–35.53. See Wiesner-Hanks, „Kinder," p. 144. Wiesner-Hanks, Women and Gender, p. 222. Merete Nielsen, Merete, „Kinder, Küche und Kirche.' Pfarrfrauen der Reformationszeit in Südwestdeutschland und der Schweiz" in: Treu Katharina von Bora (1999), p. 128, see also pp. 128–158. See Inge Mager, „Theologenfrauen als ‚Gehilfinnen' der Reformation" in Martin Treu: Katharina von Bora, pp. 117, 121, also pp. 113–127. Johanness Wahl, „... sich in das dorffwesen gar nicht schicken kann." Pfarrfrauen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts zwischen bürgerlicher Ehe und ländlicher Lebenswelt" in Martin Treu, Katharina von Bora, pp. 179–191. Other pastors' wives could be listed here as well: Walburga Bugenhagen, Elisabeth Cruciger, Ottilie Müntzer, Anna Rhegius, Agnes Roettel-Capito, Wibrandis Rosenblatt-Keller-Oecolampadius-Capito-Buzer, Katharina Firin-Anton Firn, Anna Reinhart-Zwingli (many of whom were introduced in Bainton's works). Louise Schorn-Schütte, "Il matrimonio come professione: la moglie del pastore evangelico" in Anne Jacobson Schütte, Thomas Kuehn, Silvana Seidel Menchi (eds): Tempi e spazi di vita femminile tra medioevo ed èta moderna, Bologna: Il Mulino 1999, pp. 255–277. Louise Schorn-Schütte, Walter Sparn (eds), Evangelische Pfarrer: zur sozialen und politischen Rolle einer bürgerlichen Gruppe in der deutschen Gesellschaft des 18. bis. 20. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer 1997.54. McKee, Katharina, p. 226. See also ibid., 15–16; Jung, Nonnen, pp. 126–127.55. Ingeborg Klettke-Mengel, Fürsten und Fürstenbriefe. Zur Briefkultur im 16. Jahbundert an geheimen und offiziellen preußisch — braunschweigischen Korrespondenzen, Köln: Grote 1986. Ingeborg Klettke-Mengel, „Elisabeth, Herzogin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Calenberg) 1510–1558" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie, Band 4 (1959), pp. 443f. Ingeborg Klettke-Mengel, „Elisabeth von Braunschweig-Lüneburg als reformatorische Christin" in: Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte 56 (1928), pp. 1–16. Inge Mager, „Wegert euch das lieben heiligen Creutzes nicht." Das Witwentrostbuch der Herzogin Elisabeth von Calenberg-Göttingen," in Hartmut Boockmann (ed): Kirche und Gesellschaft im Heligien Römischen Reich des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Göttingen 1994, pp. 207–224. Paul Tschackert, „Herzogin Elisabeth von Münden (gest. 1558), die erste Schriftstellerin aus dem Hause Brandenburg und aus dem braunschweigischen Hause" in: Hohenzollern Jahrbuch III (1899), pp. 49–65. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, "Kinder," passim. Barbara Becker-Cantarino 1984 TITLE?56. Elisabeth von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Der Durchleuchtigen Hochgebornen Fürstin und Frawen/Frawen Elisabetg geborne Marckgravin zu Brandenburg u. Hertzogin zu Braunschweig und Lueneburg beschlossem und verwilligtes Mandat inirem Fürstenthum Gottes Wort auffzurichten/Und irrige verfürte lerr außzurotten belangent, Münden 1542. Ein Christlicher Sendebrieff der Durchleuchtigen Hochgebornen Fuerstinnen und Frawen F. Elisabeth geborne Marggraffinnen zu Brandenburg, etc. Hertzoginnen zu Braunschweig und Luneburg etc. Witwen/an alle irer F. G. und irer F. G. Hertzlichen Sons Erichs Untertanen geschrieben/ Christiliche besserung und newes Gottseliges leben/ so in dieser letsten bösen zeit/ Die hohe nod fordert/ belangend, Hannover 1545.
Der Widwen Handbüchlein, durch eine hocherleuchte fürstliche Widwe/vor vielen Jahren selbst beschrieben und vefasset/Jetzt aber wiederumb auff newe gedruckt/Allen Christlichen Widwen/hohes und nieder Standes/zu besonderem Trost. Leipzig 1598. Unterrichtung und Ordnung für Herzog Erich d.J. In: V. Friedrich Karl von Strombeck (ed) Deutscher Fürstenspiegel aus dem 16. Jahrhundert, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg 1924, pp. 57–130.
57. Elisabeth von Braunschweig in Wiesner, Kinder, pp. 146–147. Becker-Cantarino 1984, pp. 207, 216–217. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, "Herzogin Elisabeth von Braunschweig-Lüneberg (1510–1558)" in Merkel and Wunder, Deutsche Frauen, pp. 40, 46–47, passim in 39–48.
58. Wiesner-Hanks, "Herzogin," p. 41, also pp. 43–44. Becker-Cantarino 1984, 213–216. E.g., she took part in the Osiandrian converversy in her 1551 letters. Klettke-Mengel, Fürsten, pp. 75–81.
59. See Wiesner-Hanks,"Kinder," p. 144; Wiesner-Hanks, Women and Gender, p. 222.
60. Matheson, Argula,p. 149 ("To Adam von Thering").
61. From the trials against Lutheran, Calvinists, or Anabaptists women come important records of women articulating for their convictions they were willing to die for. Anne Askew, before she was executed in 1546 as a heretical Protestant, wrote down her experience (from 1545) and articulated her view on several debated theological issues, such as Lord's Supper. See e.g. Elaine V. Beilin, The Examinations of Anne Askew, New York: Oxford University Press 1996. For another example, see Hermina Joldersma and Louis Grijp (eds), Elisabeth's Manly Courage: Testimonials and Songs of Martyred Anabaptist Women in the Low Countries, Marquette: Marquette University Press 2001. Jennifer Umble, "Women and Choice: an Examination of the Martyrs' Mirror" in: Mennonite Quarterly Review 64 (1990), pp. 135–145.
63. Wiesner-Hank, Women and Gender, pp. 189, 191. Russell, Lay Theology.
64. Charmarie Jenkins Blaisdell, "Calvin's Letters to Women; The Courting of Ladies in High Places." In: The Sixteenth Century Journal 13/3 (1982), pp. 66–83. F. Whitfield Barton, Calvin and the Duchess. Louisville, KY: WJKP 1989.
65. Ursula von Münsterberg, in Bainton, Women, pp. 51–52, also pp. 45–53. Wiesner-Hanks, Convents, pp. 39–63, 12, 13.
66. David Bryson, Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion, and Violence in Sixteenth Century France. Leiden, Boston, Koln: E. J. Brill 1999. Nancy Lyman Roelker, Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d'Albret, 1528–1572, Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1968. Carole Levin, Jo Eldrige Carney and Debra Barrett-Graves, Elisabeth I: Always Her Own Free Woman, England/Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited 1988.
67. Renée de Ferrara, in Barton, Duchess, p. 218; see p. 242, note 2. Charmarie Jenkins Blaisdell, "Renée de France between Reform and Counter-Reform," in: Archive for Reformation History, Vol. 63 (1972), pp. 196–226.
69. Natalie Zemon Davis, Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1995, p. 151.
71. E.g., see Felicity Nussbaum, Estelle C. Jelinek (eds) The Tradition of Women's Autobiography from Antiquity to the Present, Boston: Twayne 1986. Magdalene Heuser (ed) Autobiographien von Frauen: Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte, Tübingen: Max Niewmeyer 1996.
72. Gabriella Zarri, "Living Saints: A Typology of Female Sanctity in the Early Sixteenth Century" in Letizia Panizza and Sharon Wood (ed.): A History of Women's Writing in Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000, pp. 219–303. Gabriella Zarri, "Religious and Devotional Writing 1400–1600" in Panizza and Wood, A History, pp 79–91. Johannes Thiele ed), Mein Herz schmiltzt wie Eis am feuer. Die religiöse Frauenbewegung des mittelalters in Porträts, Stuttgart: Kreuz Verlag 1988. Marcelle Thiebaux (ed., transl.) The Writings of Medieval Women, New York: Garland 1987. Elisabeth Petroff (ed) Medieval Women's Visionary Literature, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1986. Katharina M. Wilson (ed) Women Writers of the Renaissance and Reformatio, Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press 1987. Lucetta Scaraffia, Gabriella Zarri (eds), Donne e fede. Santità e vita religiosa in Italia, Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza 1994.
73. Snyder, Profiles, p. 282.
75. Snyder, Profiles, pp. 8–11, 14–15, footnotes 24–25, 28. Sprunger, "God's Powerful," p. 46; Joldersma, "Elisabeth's," pp. 14–15. Joyce Irwin (ed) Women in Radical Protestantism, 1525–1675, New York: Edwin Mellen Press 1979. Ultimately the subjected role of a wife and mother overruled the need for female prophets.
76. Beilin, The Examinations, Umble, "Women and Choice." Wiesner, Convents.